RESUMEN
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has high incidence rates with rapid rate of transmission, is a pandemic that spread across the world, resulting in more than 3,000,000 deaths globally. Currently, several drugs have been used for the clinical treatment of COVID-19, such as antivirals (radecivir, baritinib), monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab), and glucocorticoids (dexamethasone). Accumulating evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators of virus infections and antiviral immune responses including biological processes that are involved in the regulation of COVID-19 and subsequent disease states. Upon viral infections, cellular lncRNAs directly regulate viral genes and influence viral replication and pathology through virus-mediated changes in the host transcriptome. Additionally, several host lncRNAs could help the occurrence of viral immune escape by inhibiting type I interferons (IFN-1), while others could up-regulate IFN-1 production to play an antiviral role. Consequently, understanding the expression and function of lncRNAs during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection will provide insights into the development of lncRNA-based methods. In this review, we summarized the current findings of lncRNAs in the regulation of the strong inflammatory response, immune dysfunction and thrombosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, discussed the underlying mechanisms, and highlighted the therapeutic challenges of COVID-19 treatment and its future research directions.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/inmunología , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/genética , Inmunidad Innata/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Trombosis/inmunología , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores/análisis , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/genética , Prueba de COVID-19/métodos , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/efectos de los fármacos , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/inmunología , Humanos , Evasión Inmune/genética , Pandemias/prevención & control , ARN Largo no Codificante/análisis , ARN Largo no Codificante/antagonistas & inhibidores , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Trombosis/genética , Trombosis/virología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Replicación Viral/genética , Replicación Viral/inmunología , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lung disease with highly heterogeneous and mortality rate, but its therapeutic options are now still limited. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized by WHO as a pandemic, and the global number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has been more than 8.0 million. It is strongly supported for that PF should be one of the major complications in COVID-19 patients by the evidences of epidemiology, viral immunology and current clinical researches. The anti-PF properties of naturally occurring polysaccharides have attracted increasing attention in last two decades, but is still lack of a comprehensively understanding. In present review, the resources, structural features, anti-PF activities, and underlying mechanisms of these polysaccharides are summarized and analyzed, which was expected to provide a scientific evidence supporting the application of polysaccharides for preventing or treating PF in COVID-19 patients.